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- Athletic Trainers vs. Physical Therapists
- Chiropractors
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- For First Aid Immediately Following Injury
- Throughout The Injury Rehabilitation Process
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- Athletic Trainers Have A Choice Of
A Variety of Therapeutic Techniques
- Most All Athletic Trainers Eventually Choose To Use Therapeutic
Modalities
- How You Choose To Use A Therapeutic Modality Is An Individual Decision
- The Choice Must Be Based On Theoretical Knowledge And Practical
Experience
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- When Using a Therapeutic Modality In Rehabilitation It Should Be Used
ONLY As An Adjunct To Other Forms Of Therapeutic Exercise
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- Therapeutic Modalities Used By Athletic Trainers Can Be Classified As
Being….
- Electromagnetic
- Acoustic
- Mechanical
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- Process By Which Energy In Various Forms Travels Through Space
- Sunlight Is A Form Of Radiant Energy
- Many Modalities Produce Radiant Energy
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- Light is a form of electromagnetic energy
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- Other Forms Of Radiation Other Than Visible Light May Be Produced When
An Electrical Force Is Applied
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- In Addition, Other Forms Of Radiation Beyond Infrared And Ultraviolet
Regions May Be Produced When An Electrical Force Is Applied
- These Radiations Have Different Wavelengths And Frequencies Than Those
In The Visible Light Spectrum
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- Wavelength-Distance Between Peak Of One Wave and Peak of the Next Wave
- Frequency-Number Of Wave Oscillations Or Vibrations Per Second (Hz, CPS,
PPS)
- Velocity=Wavelngth X Frequency
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- Produced When Sufficient Electrical Or Chemical Forces Are Applied To
Any Material
- Travel Readily Through Space At An Equal Velocity (300,000,000
meters/sec)
- Direction Of Travel Is Always In A Straight Line
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- When Contacting Biological Tissues May Be…
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- When Contacting Biological Tissues May Be…
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- When Contacting Biological Tissues May Be…
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- When Contacting Biological Tissues May Be…
- Reflected
- Transmitted
- Refracted
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- When Contacting Biological Tissues May Be…
- Reflected
- Transmitted
- Refracted
- Absorbed
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- Arndt-Schultz Principle
- No Changes Or Reactions Can Occur In The Tissues Unless The Amount Of
Energy Absorbed Is Sufficient To Stimulate The Absorbing Tissues
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- Law Of Grotthus-Draper
- If The Energy Is Not Absorbed It Must Be Transmitted To The Deeper
Tissues
- The Greater The Amount Absorbed The Less Transmitted and Thus The Less
Penetration
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- Cosine Law
- The Smaller The Angle Between The Propagating Radiation And The Right
Angle, The Less Radiation Reflected And The Greater The Absorption
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- Inverse Square Law
- The Intensity Of The Radiation Striking A Surface Varies Inversely With
The Square Of The Distance From The Source
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- The Majority of Therapeutic Modalities Used By Athletic Trainers Emit A
Type Of Energy With Wavelengths And Frequencies That Can Be Classified
As Electromagnetic Radiations
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- Electrical Stimulating Currents
- Shortwave And Microwave Diathermy
- Infrared Modalities
- Thermotherapy
- Cryotherapy
- Ultraviolet Radiation Therapy
- Low-Power Lasers
- Magnet Therapy
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- All Can Be Classified As Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulating Currents
- Electrical Muscle Stimulators (EMS)
- Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulators (TENS)
- Low Intensity Stimulators (LIS / MENS)
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- Russian Currents
- Interferential Currents
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- Russian Currents
- Interferential Currents
- Low-Volt Currents (Iontophoresis)
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- Used Primarily For
- Pain Modulation
- Muscle Contraction
- To Create Ion Movement
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- Pain Modulation
- Stimulation of sensory cutaneous nerves (Gate Control) at high
frequency i.e. TENS
- Production of B-endorphins at lower frequency i.e. Electroacutherapy
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- Producing Muscle Contraction, Relaxation, And Tetany
- Depends On Type Of Current
- Alternating (AC)
- Direct (DC)
- Polyphasic (Interferential)
- Depends On Frequency (Russian Currents)
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- Muscle Re-education
- Biofeedback
- Uses Surface EMG To Measure, Process, And Feedback Reinforcing
Information Via Auditory Or Visual Signals
- Helps Athlete Develop Greater Voluntary Control In Terms Of Either
Neuromuscular Relaxation Or Muscle Re-education
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- Muscle Re-education
- Muscle Pumping Contractions To Reduce Edema
- Retardation Of Atrophy
- Muscle Strengthening
- Increasing Range Of Motion
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- Facilitating Soft Tissue And Bone Healing Through Biostimulative Effects
- Subsensory Microamperage Currents (LIS)
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- Producing a Net Movement Of Ions Through The Use Of Continuous
Low-voltage Currents That Elicit A Chemical Change In The Tissues (Iontophoresis)
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- High Frequency Electromagnetic Energy
- Cannot Depolarize Nerve or Muscle
- Both SWD and MWD Used Primarily To Generate Heat In The Tissues
- SWD Also Used For Nonthermal Effects
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- Generators Induce Magnetic And/Or Electrical Fields
- May Be Either Continuous Or Pulsed
- Continuous SWD Produces High Frequency Vibration Of Molecules In
Tissues Generating Heat
- Pulsed SWD Causes Repolarization In Damaged Cells Correcting
Dysfunction
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- If The Skin Or Some Underlying Soft Tissue Is Tender And Will Not
Tolerate Pressure
- In Areas Where Subcutaneous Fat Is Thick And Deep Heating Is Required
- Pulsed SWD Produces The Same Magnitude And Depth Of Muscle Heating as
1MHz Ultrasound (Draper, JAT 1997)
- When The Treatment Goal Is To Increase Tissue Temperatures In A Large
Area
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- Cold = Cryotherapy
- Heat = Thermotherapy
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- To Decrease Local Temperature
- To Decrease Local Metabolism
- To Decrease Blood Flow (Vasoconstriction)
- To Decrease Venous And Lymphatic Flow
- To Decrease Nerve Conduction Velocity
- To Decrease Muscle Excitability
- Analgesia
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- Ice Bags or Ice Packs
- Ice Massage
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- Ice Bags or Ice Packs
- Ice Massage
- Fluori-methane (Spray and
Stretch)
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- Ice Bags or Ice Packs
- Ice Massage
- Fluori-methane (Spray and
Stretch)
- Contrast Bath
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- To Increase Local Temperature
- To Increase Local Metabolism
- To Increase Blood Flow (Vasodilation)
- To Increase Venous And Lymphatic Drainage
- To Increase Elasticity of Muscles & Ligaments
- To Increase Nerve Conduction Velocity
- To Increase Muscle Excitability
- Analgesia
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- Hydrocollator Packs
- Whirlpools
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- Hydrocollator Packs
- Whirlpools
- Paraffin Baths
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- Hydrocollator Packs
- Whirlpools
- Paraffin Baths
- Fluidotherapy
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- Causes Chemical Changes In Skin That Have A Bactericidal Effect
- Effects Are Primarily Superficial In Nature (<2mm)
- To Treat A Variety Of Skin Lesions Including Acne, Folliculitis,
Pityriasis, Tinea, Septic Wounds
- Seldom Used In Treatment Because Of Availability Of Topical Agents
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- Helium-Neon (HeNe) & Gallium-Arsenide (GaAs)
- Produces No Thermal Effects
- Soft-tissue And Fracture Healing
- Pain Management
- Not Approved By FDA For Therapeutic Use
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- Despite Popularity No One Really Knows How They Work!!
- Generally Thought To Be Safe
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- Pain Modulation
- Facilitate Strength
- Explanations
- Increased Circulation
- Increased Temperature
- Changes In pH
- Reestablishing Normal Polarity Within The Injured Cell
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- Frequently Classified With Diathermy As A “Deep Heating” Modality
- Mechanical Vibration
- Sound Wave Trans-formed From High Frequency Electrical Energy
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- Cannot Travel Through Space
- Relies On Molecular Collision For Transmission
- More Dense Medium = Higher Velocity Of Travel
- Depth Of Penetration Greater Than Any Form Of Electromagnetic Energy
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- Thermal Effects Particularly In Deeper Tissues
- Non-Thermal Effects
- To Enhance Healing At Cellular Level
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- Mechanical Units That Create External Pressure
- Facilitates Venous And Lymphatic Reabsorbtion Of Edema
- Helps Decrease Pain & Increase ROM
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- To Treat A Variety Of Cervical And Lumbar Spine Problems
- Creates Separation Of Vertebrae
- Alters Proprioceptive Discharge Of Spine
- Stretches Connective Tissue
- Stretches Muscle
- Improves Blood And Lymphatic Flow
- Decreases Pressure On Disk
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- Manual Traction
- Traction Machines
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- Manual Traction
- Traction Machines
- Wall-Mounted Traction
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- Manual Traction
- Traction Machines
- Wall-Mounted Traction
- Inversion Traction
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- Many Massage Techniques
- Hoffa Massage
- Acupressure/Shiatsu
- Connective Tissue
- Myofascial Release
- Rolfing
- Trager
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- Skin
- Scar Tissue
- Psychological Responses
- Relaxation
- Pain
- Massage Has Effects On:
- Circulation And Lymphatic Flow
- Nervous System
- Muscles
- Myofascia
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