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- Particles Of Matter Possessing A Negative Charge And A Small Mass
- Net Movement Of Electrons Is An Electrical Current
- Movement Of Electrons Is Like A Domino Reaction
- Electrons Will Move From Higher To Lower Potential
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- Unit Of Measure Which Indicates Rate At Which Electrons Flow
- 1 amp = movement of 1 coulomb or 6.25x1018 electrons /sec
- Current Flow Is In Milliamps (1/1000) Or Microamps (1/1,000,000)
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- Difference In Concentration of Electrons Between Two Points
- Electrons Will Not Move Unless A Potential Difference Exists
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- Creates The Potential Difference
- The Electromotive Force Which Must Be Applied To Create Flow Of
Electrons
- Commercial Current Is 120 V or 220 V
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- Materials That Permit Free Movement of Electrons
- Composed Of Large Numbers of Free Electrons
- Offer Little Resistance To Current Flow
- Good Conductors
- Metals (copper, gold, silver, aluminum)
- Electrolyte Solutions
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- Materials That Resist The Flow Of Electrons
- Contain Few Free Electrons
- Insulator Materials
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- Opposition To Flow Of Electrical Current
- Measured In Ohms
- Ohm’s Law Current Flow= Voltage Resistance
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- Measure of Electrical Power
- Watts = Volts X Amps
- Modalities Use Milliamps or Microamps
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- Direct (DC) or Monophasic
- Flow of Electrons Always In Same Direction
- Sometimes Called Galvanic
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- Alternating (AC) or Biphasic
- Flow of Electrons Changes Direction
- Always Flows From Negative to Positive Pole Until Polarity Is Reversed
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- Pulsed or Polyphasic
- Pulses Grouped Together and Interrupted
- Russian and Interferential Currents
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- All Are Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulators
- Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulators (TENS)
- Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulator (NMES) = Electrical Muscle
Stimulator (EMS)
- Microcurrent Electrical Nerve Stimulators (MENS) = Low Intensity
Stimulators (LIS)
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- No Relationship Between Type Of Current Used To Power Generator and Type
Of Current Output To Patient
- Generators May Be Powered By AC or DC
- Batteries = DC between 1.5 and 9 V
- Wall Outlet = AC at 120 or 220V
at 60 Hz
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- Pulse= Individual Waveform
- Phases (Duration)
- Interpulse Interval
- Direction (Polarity)
- Amplitude
- Rate Of Rise
- Rate of Decay
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- Twin Peaked Triangular Waveform
- Found on Most High Volt Generators
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- Continuous
- Interrupted
- Burst
- Packets
- Pulse Trains
- Beats
- Ramped (Surge)
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- Same As Intensity or Voltage
- Measured In Milliamps or
Microvolts
- Average Current Determined By Interpulse Interval Or Current Duration
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- Length Of Time Current Is Flowing
- With Monophasic Current Phase Duration Is the Same As Pulse Duration
- With Biphasic Current Pulse Duration Is Determined By The Combined Phase
Durations
- With Polyphasic Current The Combined Pulse Duration And Interpulse
Interval Is The Pulse Period
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- Effects The Type Of Muscle Contraction
- Effects The Mechanism of Pain Modulation
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- Path of Current From Power Source Through Various Components Back To
Generator
- Power Source-Conducting Medium - Component Resistors
- Series Circuit
- Parallel Circuit
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- One Path For Current To Take
- Component Resistors Placed End To End
- Total Resistance = Sum of Resistances
- Total Voltage = Sum of Voltage Decreases
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- Component Resistors Placed Side to Side With Ends Connected
- Current Chooses Path With Least Resistance
- Resistors Have Lower Resistance But Higher Current Flow Than A Series
Circuit
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- Combination Of Both Series And Parallel Circuits
- Tissue Highest In Water And Ion Content Best Conductors - Blood, Nerve,
Muscle, Tendon, Skin, Fat, Bone
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- Constantly compare amount of electricity flowing from wall outlet to
whirlpool turbine with the amount returning
- GFI will interrupt current flow in as little as 1/40 of a second
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