Key attributes and defining characteristics:
a limited technology and energy basis, tools characterized multi-function, yet vast and sophisticated ecological knowledge base. A listing of approximate level of energy needed per day per capita to maintain the society (by kilocalories):
Paleolithic gatherer-hunter society, from 2.6 million to 10,000 years ago, representing about 99% of human history: approximately 2,000 kilocalories needed per day per capita.
Historic and contemporary gatherer-hunter society: the equivalent of 5,000 kilocalories are needed daily per capita.
Horticultural society: the equivalent of 12,000 kilocalories are required. hoe technology
Agricultural society: the equivalent of 26,000 kilocalories are needed daily. plow technology
Industrial society beginning with the Industrial Revolution around the 1760s merging into the modern technological society of the 21st century: the equivalent of 77,000 kilocalories are required per capita per day.
Technological society of the 21st century: the equivalent of from 280,000 to 323,000 kilocalories are needed per individual each day. modern technology
transhumance and nomadic seasonal cycle - seasonal round (for both gatherer-hunter and horticultural)
flexible and autonomous social groupings
equalitarian roles and leadership
mi'yep teachings that provide skills in adaptability, flexibility, curiosity, "risk taking" behavioral
spiritual foundation for all relationships, and means of communications and exchanges